Industrial - Bachelor

SONAS | Freshwater Biomonitoring

SONAS is an advanced acoustic recorder designed for long-term biomonitoring in freshwater environments. It supports more informed conservation and waterway management by recording comprehensive underwater soundscapes. The addition of remote fleet management lets SONAS addresses a significant gap in environmental sciences and offers a new approach to large-scale, sustainable biomonitoring.

RESEARCH AND OPPORTUNITY

What is Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM)?

Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is a non-invasive method used to capture underwater sounds using hydrophones. Analysing these soundscapes allows researchers to identify aquatic species and understand broader ecosystem characteristics, including animal behaviours, biological activity and overall ecosystem health.

Why is PAM important?

Traditional surveying often relies on time-consuming manual observation and invasive physical sampling such as electro fishing and netting. These methods can disturb aquatic environments and influence natural behaviours, potentially affecting the results. By passively recording underwater soundscapes, PAM captures biological activity with minimal disturbance, providing a more consistent representation of species behaviours and interactions within their natural environment.

Underutilisation of PAM in Freshwater

Terrestrial and marine environments account for over 92% of PAM applications in Australia. Although PAM is an increasingly recognised technology in ecological research, several factors have limited its adoption in freshwater. The dynamic nature of freshwater presents unique technical and operational challenges, making existing monitoring technologies difficult to adapt. However, growing acoustic reference libraries and decreasing equipment costs, driven by advances in terrestrial PAM devices are creating new opportunities for freshwater applications.

It all comes back to data… to make better decisions we need a better picture of what’s happening in our environments

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY EXPERT for QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT, 2026

Acoustic Monitoring Process

Collect | Extract | Interpret | Act
Measuring freshwater biodiversity involves four key stages. The process begins in the field, where acoustic recordings are collected across multiple locations. These recordings are then processed in a lab to extract meaningful sounds and reduce background noise. The resulting soundscapes are interpreted and analysed to identify species and ecological patterns. This information can then inform environmental decisions, supporting conservation, ongoing monitoring and evidence-based action.

Limitations of the Current Processes

This figure highlights key limitations across the PAM workflow. Each stage requires repeated site visits in order to observe changes over time. Visits often require traveling to remote sites which places additional demands on researchers who are already time-poor and limited resources. Furthermore, a physical human presence can disturb wildlife and alter natural behaviours potentially influencing the data being collected.

How can we push PAM futher

To advance PAM, monitoring systems must move beyond relying on individual researchers and instead become tools that multiply their efforts. Autonomous monitoring and remote fleet management can expand spatial coverage, reduce fieldwork and provide real-time updates aligned with research needs. As AI makes large-scale data analysis increasingly accessible, the challenge is shifting towards collecting larger amounts of high-quality data. Scalable systems for autonomous data collection are therefore essential.

This expands eDNA from point-based collection to continuous, large scale monitoring, opening new possibilities for remote surveys, threatened species detection, and real-time ecosystem insights. Freshwater PAM is the next frontier—allowing biodiversity monitoring to become broader, non-invasive and significantly more comprehensive than ever before.

We need consistency, not just a snapshot view of our environments if we want to see the affects our actions are having

Head of Agriculture and Food Sustainability at uq, 2026

A huge limitation with human collected data is the human collecting it… an ecologist cannot be in 20 different places at all hours of the day

FIELD ECOLOGIST AT FRONTIER LABS AUDIO MANUFACTURES, 2026

Primary research methods

Name
Research Report
File Type
application
File Size
1 B
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Design development

Key considerations

Design SOLUTION

Built for freshwater

The robust enclosure incorporates a dual-seal system, combining external and internal seals to provide two layers of IP68 protection against water ingress. Its smooth, high-gloss polycarbonate surface minimises biological build-up and simplifies cleaning after deployment. Internal silica desiccant packets help manage moisture and condensation, protecting sensitive electronics. Together, these features improve durability, simplify maintenance and enhance reliability during long term deployments.

Built in redundancy

The internal foam core ensuring valuable data can be recovered by providing redundant buoyancy, keeping the probe afloat if the airtight seal is damaged. Careful weight distribution between the low-mounted batteries and foam core help the device maintain an upright orientation and ensuring the hydrophone remains consistently positioned for reliable recordings. Furthermore, A marine-grade quick-release connection allows researchers to easily detach the probe from its anchor and adjust cable length, while maintaining a secure and reliable connection during deployment.

The bayonet locking mechanism provides a secure, waterproof connection while allowing tool-free removal of the electronic core. An oversized handle improves grip and ergonomics making it easier to release the seal, which requires considerable force to unlock. Raised visual indicators guide alignment and clearly distinguish locked and unlocked positions. The tactile markings provide additional identification if colour fades over time. This design streamlines data retrieval, servicing and redeployment, reducing handling time to support large-scale field monitoring.

Electronics core

The modular electronics core supports configurable storage and battery options, allowing researchers to tailor the device to specific deployment needs. Standardised SD cards and 18650 batteries provide accessible, interchangeable components that support scalable solutions. Redundant onboard controls allow researchers to check and adjust key parameters, including recording schedules, while verifying cellular and GPS connectivity before deployment, which ensures all recording are accurately location and time stamped. This flexibility simplifies preparation, improves field reliability and accommodates a wider range of research applications.

Remote deployment monitoring

Affordable eSIM technology provides cellular connectivity, enabling communication between devices and the SONAS app. Researchers can monitor key parameters, including location, battery life and storage, while remotely adjusting recording schedules to suit research needs. Notifications such as gyroscope-based impact detection alerts researchers to potential disturbances, allowing issues to be identified early and reducing the risk of data loss. Remote monitoring reduces the need for frequent site visits, streamlining fieldwork and enabling research teams to manage larger monitoring networks with fewer resources.

SONAS

The future of freshwater acoustic monitoring

Thomas Kielenniva

Thomas Kielenniva is a passionate designer who enjoys solving complex problems in need of creative solutions. With experience across 3D design, visualisation, and product development he challenges himself to think outside the box and create functional outcomes that respond to real-world needs. His work is grounded in asking the right questions to deliver impactful design solutions

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